Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. - navy to firth of Forth. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Henry himself gave people cause . The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The attack was a success. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. By instinct, Elizabeth was a West Yorkshire, From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Boston House, Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. . The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Foreign Affairs. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The invasion failed, however. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. The conspirators including Babington were all. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Best Answer. migration? The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. The war was going badly for England. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Boston Spa, Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Manage Settings He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Why religious compromise was so difficult. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Company Reg no: 04489574. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. West Yorkshire, The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Company Reg no: 04489574. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Spouse: None. . Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . What were the causes of westward Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Spanish invasion plans. France was at war with England and Spain.