The occupation government was now eager to put the findings of the Yellow Fever Commission to practical use. Box-folder 22:24. Reed, Walter; Carroll, James; and Agramonte, Aristides. Lil Keed (born Raqhid Jevon Render on March 16, 1998) died on May 13, 2022, hours after going to the Burbank Hospital with complains of stomach and back pain at around 7:30 PM. U.S. Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg first ordered the commission to investigate potential bacterial causes of yellow fever. Epidemics of yellow fever in Panama had confounded French attempts to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama only 20 years earlier. His interest in the cause of yellow fever was timely, as epidemics broke out in camps in Cuba and elsewhere. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Respect for Reed did not dissipate after he died. Many white physicians and scientists moreover believed that individuals of African descent were less susceptible to the disease than other populations. By this time, two of his brothers were working in Kansas, and Walter soon was assigned postings in the American West. Appointed chairman of a panel formed in 1898 to investigate an epidemic of typhoid fever, Reed and his colleagues showed that contact with fecal matter and food or drink contaminated by flies caused that epidemic. After Reed passed a grueling thirty-hour examination in 1875, the army medical corps enlisted him as an assistant surgeon. Walter Reed was born in Virginia in 1851. Box-folder 70:4 [oversize]. Lazear died from yellow fever in 1900. But his most important assignment came with the Spanish-American War of 1898, first to combat epidemics of typhoid fever, and then to Cuba in 1900 to figure out the strange etiology and prevention of yellow fever. They observed in their studies that exposure to fomites did not seem to have any relation to yellow fever infection. LAST year, in a military hospital in the Washington area, a house officer was rounding with four medical students. Four days after Carroll was bitten, a U.S. soldier, William Dean, volunteered to subject himself to the experiment and contracted yellow fever. Mr. Reed died a week ago at the age of 59 in a Pasadena hospital. Former Vice President Walter Mondale died Monday at age 93, his family confirmed in a statement. Biography. Enter Keywords or Partial dates like 2/?/1902 or just 190 to find incomplete dates. For other uses, see, Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory, George Washington University School of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Human experimentation in the United States, The Great Fever / People & Events / Walter Reed, 10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.4.mhst1-0904, Burial Detail: Reed, Walter (Section 3, Grave 1864), "A Guide to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection", "Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection", "THE PLAY; " Yellow Jack," in Which Sidney Howard Shows How Scientific Heroism Can Be Displayed on the Stage", "YELLOW JACK. Reeds probes also revealed that better diagnostic techniques, including microscopes, were necessary. Washington: Government Printing Office. In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations in the name of Evan J. Reed be made to a . However, his story was once widely known. The four doctors who formed the Yellow Fever Commission were (clockwise from left) Walter Reed, Aristides Agramonte, James Carroll and Jesse W. Lazear. The PBS website contains a great deal of additional information, including links to primary sources.[18]. The Truth : The Walter Reed Army Medical Center did not release any warning about plastic containers or water bottles or even plastic wrap. Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who in 1901 led the team that confirmed the theory of Cuban doctor Carlos Finlay that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species rather than by direct contact. Reed returned to the U.S. from Cuba early in 1901 and continued teaching bacteriology and pathology. The next year, he met his wife and told her he was going to give up his civilian career to become an Army surgeon, which offered financial security and the chance to travel. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection 1806-1995. University Of Virginia, Associate Vice President for Communications and Executive Editor, UVA Today, UVA and the History of Race: The Lost Cause Through Judge Dukes Eyes, UVA and the History of Race: Blackface and the Rise of a Segregated Society, UVA and the History of Race: Burkley Bullock in Historys Distorting Mirror. For nearly 20 years, Reed served as an army surgeon stationed in various military posts across the Western states and territories of the United States. The Army researchers focused their attention on the mosquito, which had been discovered to be behind the transmission of malaria. A year later Finlay identified a mosquito of the genus Aedes as the organism transmitting yellow fever. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Instead, they put out calls for U.S. soldiers and recent Spanish immigrants to volunteer for the study. Baltimore: The Sun Book and Job Printing Establishment. His experiments to prove the hypothesis were discounted by many medical experts, but served as the basis for Reed's research. Reed was a Virginian who graduated in medicine from the University of Virginia at the tender age of . 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These are but a few of the mosquito-borne diseases stalking the planet. A 1900 yellow fever trial informed consent document, developed decades before requiring a consent form was a typical practice. Death Records Search. Currently, Lexi Reed's death is widely spreading, and people are concerned to know about Lexi Reed Obituary and want to get a real update. The report also stated that of the nearly 107,000 soldiers who fought in the 1898 Spanish-American War, 21,000 contracted typhoid and nearly 1,600 died from it. But the death . Editors note: Even an institution as historic as the University of Virginia now entering its third century has stories yet to be told. On the completion of the committees work in 1899, he returned to his duties in Washington. Brief silence. Under the tutelage of the famed pathologist and bacteriologist William Henry Welch, Dr. Reed could not have found a better place to study. All Rights Reserved. 2023 American Medical Association. November 2, 1900. These epidemics were horrific events heralded by undertakers wheeling out large wagons in the streets, shouting, Bring Out Your Dead! But yellow fever was hardly unique to the United States. Reed was born in 1916 in Fort Ward, Washington.Following a stint as a Broadway actor, Reed broke into films in 1941. In the latter, Reed was portrayed by Broderick Crawford. Partial Date Search. Sal was thrown out of parochial school and, by age eight, was a member of a street gang in a tough Bronx neighborhood. By Walter Reed Army Institute of Research December 16, 2021. . There was a time when every school child could recite the tale of how Maj. Walter Reed proved the Cuban physician Carlos Finlays theory that mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever to human beings. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our. Following Lazear's death, Reed returned hastily to Cuba to design a new study protocol and supervise . [1] During his youth, the family resided at Murfreesboro, North Carolina with his mother's family during his father's preaching tours. Tropical diseases were a major concern of the government, and the American Surgeon General dispatched Major Walter Reed and a team of young doctors to investigate the diseases, particularly the pathogenic mechanism of yellow fever. dmc7be@virginia.edu As this consent form shows, researchers wanted to be certain that volunteers understood the potential hazards. This story demands a far more nuanced consideration than the common trope that Reed was first to develop what is now called informed consent. Although grieved at . It sits on the grounds of the former naval medical center and has grown in size and scope since its doors first opened more than a century ago. Father: Lemuel Sutton Reed (Methodist minister) Mother: Pharaba White Wife: Emilie Lawrence (m. Apr-1876) Medical School: MD, University of Virginia (1869) Medical School: MD, Bellevue Medical College, New York (1870) Medical School: Johns Hopkins University Professor: US Army Medical School Professor: George Washington University Medical School 1996 - 2023 NewsHour Productions LLC. For a more comprehensive biography of Walter Reed see: Bean, William B. Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, December 31, 1900. A tropical medicine course is also named after him, Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course. pg. [16] Harcourt Brace and Co. published the play in book form, titled Yellow Jack: A History, in 1934. The result was a brilliant investigation in epidemiology. A little-known medical army medical researcher, Major Walter Reed, was appointed to lead the group. "J. W." First & Middle Name (s) Last Name. In 1945, Reed was elected to the Hall of Fame of Great Americans at New York University. No cause of death was given, but Deadline rep Cuban physician Carlos Finlay was the first to propose that yellow fever was spread by mosquitoes. In 1889 he was appointed attending surgeon and examiner of recruits at Baltimore. He was committed to our nation's strength and security above all," Biden said in a statement. The etiology of yellow fever an additional note, in United States Senate Document No. Meanwhile, other methods of transmission had been suggested. 4. 1 was in fact Lazear himself.16. [4], Reed then enrolled at the New York University's Bellevue Hospital Medical College in Manhattan, New York, where he obtained a second M.D. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. As the son of a Methodist minister, he was able to go to private school in Charlottesville, Virginia, before matriculating at the nearby University of Virginia. Box-folder 140:20. This insight gave impetus to the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion . But his death remains a mystery. Corrections? [citation needed], While stationed at Fort Robinson, Nebraska, Reed treated the ankle of Swiss immigrant Jules Sandoz, broken by a fall into a well. (1911). [unpublished autobiography]. 4th ed., improved. 8. Curtis was the abusive husband of Kate Roberts, and father of her two children, Austin and Billie. He appeared in several features for RKO Radio Pictures, including the last two Mexican Spitfire comedies (in which Reed replaced Buddy Rogers as the Spitfire's husband). 21. Walter Reed just about anyone who hears that name can connect it to the world's largest joint military medical system. All Rights Reserved. and Jones, Absalom, Richard Allen, and Matthew Clarkson. With the first day of winter (Dec. 21) quickly approaching, we want to ensure that all patients and staff are fully knowledgeable of important info in the event of inclement weather conditions and possible changes to our hospital's operating status. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, September 7, 1900. Washington: Government Printing Office. Walter Reed Bethesda. A series of yellow fever outbreaks in Philadelphia in the 1790s famously shut down the federal government and killed nearly 10% of the citys population.4, As terrible as those Philadelphia outbreaks had been, they were not even the deadliest in U.S. history. His wife, Gisele Fetterman has fled the country. With the Typhoid Report completed and word of Lazear's death, Reed quickly returned to Cuba. 4. It was largely an extension of Carlos J. Finlay's work, carried out during the 1870s in Cuba, which finally came to prominence in 1900. (Photos courtesy of the University of Virginia Library). The Spanish volunteers were given two copies of the contract, one written in Spanish and the other in English, to ensure that they understood the agreement.19 The experiments would not begin until all the volunteers had given their written consent.20. She was 80. University of Virginia. Bean, William B., "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever", This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 03:49. U.S. Army surgeon Major Walter Reed and his discovery of the causes of yellow fever is one of the most important contributions in the field of medicine and human history. The occupation government instituted an unprecedented mosquito control program in Havana. "Today," he said, "I'll give an A to the one who can tell me what Walter Reed died of." This allowed him both professional opportunities and modest financial security to establish and support a family. In June and July of 1900, Reed and his colleagues tested the blood of infected yellow fever patients, but could find no bacterial agent. His letters provide vivid pictures of the rigours of frontier life. This will populate Part 1 (a) of the certificate with the words 'Assisted Dying' as the Direct cause of death. Although the three volunteers in this room had a very unpleasant experience, none of them contracted yellow fever.24, In the other building there were two rooms. Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who in 1901 led the team that postulated and confirmed the theory that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species, rather than by direct contact. Discover the real story, facts, and details of Walter Reed. He made good on that promise. They learned yellow fever didnt come from a particular bacteria, and then worked to identify how it was transmitted. Around the age of 40, Reed abandoned his life as a practicing clinician to focus on biomedical research, and in a short time, he became well-respected in the Army for his research on a wide range of infectious diseases. To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more, Get unlimited access and a printable PDF ($40.00), 2023 American Medical Association. He appeared in several features for RKO Radio Pictures, including the last two Mexican Spitfire comedies (in which Reed replaced Buddy Rogers as the Spitfire's husband). However, after decades of research, there was no scientific evidence to support this theory.6. 1 of Havanas Las Animas Hospital in 1900, where the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission conducted experiments. (1993). Several military leaders toss their command coins into wet concrete, Sept. 18, 2008. Reed remarried, to Mrs. Mary C. Byrd Kyle of Harrisonburg, Virginia, with whom he had a daughter. During the Spanish-American War of 1898 he was appointed chairman of a committee to investigate the spread of typhoid fever in military camps. Subscribe to Here's the Deal, our politics newsletter. But his death remains a mystery. Although Reed received much of the credit for "beating" yellow fever, Reed himself credited Cuban medical scientist Carlos Finlay with identifying a mosquito as the vector of yellow fever and proposing how the disease might be controlled. Jeffrey Hunter played Reed in a 1962 episode of the anthology show Death Valley Days, titled "Suzie". "Colin embodied the highest ideals of both warrior and diplomat. Robert reed cause of death diagnosed with colon cancer just months before. Their fellow officers without yellow fever did not do so. Walter Reed, (born September 13, 1851, Belroi, Virginia, U.S.died November 22, 1902, Washington, D.C.), U.S. Army pathologist and bacteriologist who led the experiments that proved that yellow fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. Portrait of American Army Surgeon Major Walter Reed (1851 - 1902), early 1900s. But in more severe cases (about 15 percent) it can cause abdominal pain, extensive liver damage, jaundice or yellow skin, bleeding, kidney damage and even death. In November 1900 a small hutted camp was established, and controlled experiments were performed on volunteers. In the drive to make him a hero, Americans too often diminished the vital contributions of Carlos Finlay, Jesse Lazear, James Carroll, Arstides Agramonte y Simoni, and the experimental volunteers. After marrying Emilie Lawrence in April 1876, Reed was transferred to Fort Lowell in Arizona, where his wife soon joined him. Associate Vice President for Communications and Executive Editor, UVA Today 184. Almost immediately he became involved in the problem of yellow fever. Walter Reed (1851-1902) Walter Reed is known today for the Army medical center that bears his name. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Yellow fever is not the answer. Reed also proved that the local civilians drinking from the Potomac River had no relation to the incidence of the disease.[7]. The National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland holds a collection of his papers regarding typhoid fever studies. Following the death of the 41st president, the 3-year-old dog, who became an internet sensation during his time working for Bush, will join the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center's . TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. While there is evidence that Walter Reed held racist views, it is not yet known what he thought of this idea or other race-based theories.7. Catalogue of the University of Virginia, 1868-1869. Major William Gorgas, the chief sanitary officer of Havana, admitted that after the preliminary experiments, he was skeptical of the mosquito theory, but the experiments at Camp Lazear convinced him otherwise. According to an autopsy report, the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled that Render died of natural causes due to eosinophilia. Reed continued his studies in New York City, earning a second medical degree from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Last edited on 13 December 2022, at 00:35, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/walter-reed-9130275.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Reed_(actor)&oldid=1127120022, Elizabeth Boyer Bryce (1937-1988) (her death) (3 children), This page was last edited on 13 December 2022, at 00:35. 1 around Sept. 18. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1875, eventually becoming curator of the Army Medical Museum in Washington and a professor at the army medical school. State Government websites value user privacy. Use quotes for an exact search. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was treated and died there. A photo shows Walter Reeds childhood home in Gloucester, Va. Dr. Walter Reed is seen in an 1874 photo before he joined the Army. 1982;248(11):13421345. This dangerous research was done using human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel, who allowed themselves to be bitten by mosquitos infected with yellow fever. Her daughter confirmed the death, saying that "there is no other reason for the actor's death.". Republic wanted to sign Reed for additional serials but Reed declined, preferring not to be typed as a serial star. Walter Reed was born in Virginia in 1851. The hospital eventually merged with the Army Medical Center in 1951 and was renamed the Walter Reed Army Medical Center complex. Enlisted soldiers who were asked to participate in a potentially deadly experiment by their superior officers may have interpreted such requests as orders; vulnerable, poor newcomers recruited with tempting offers of $200 in gold coins for participation and bonuses if they contracted the malady (a sum many times more than their annual incomes) were not exactly giving their consent freely either. Select the 'Assisted Dying' checkbox, if completing the form online in Death Documents. Four of the volunteers contracted yellow fever.22, In the second experiment, four volunteers were injected with the blood of patients who had been infected with yellow fever. See Espinosa, Mariola. It was a deadly pursuit. Just last summer, we witnessed a new epidemic of the mosquito-borne spread of Zika virus and began learning about its destructive power on the brains of unborn children. Academy Award-winning actress best known for her roles in the 1946 film It's A Wonderful Life and the 1953 film From Here to Eternity. So ubiquitous was this tale that it even served as the basis for a 1933 hit Broadway play, Yellow Jack, and the 1936 MGM motion picture of the same title, not to mention dozens of juvenile biographies and cartoons such as a March 1946 issue of Science Comics featuring a colorful account of Walter Reed: The Man Who Conquered Yellow Fever. One of his biographers, Howard Kelly of Johns Hopkins, called Reeds work the greatest American medical discovery. At the very least, it was the U.S. Armys greatest contribution to the nations health and the reason why its premier military hospital in Washington, D.C., was named for Reed. The Mosquito Hypothesis. The Washington Post. acceptable if another cause of death in a, b, or c requires referral to the coroner. In August of 1900, Walter Reed temporarily returned to Washington, D.C., while Jesse Lazear and James Carroll began conducting experiments with mosquitoes in Havanas Las Animas Hospital. After the Spanish-American War, Spain transferred control of Cuba to the United States, and it was agreed that the island would remain a U.S. protectorate until the United States decided to grant Cuba its independence. Other more recent works about the 1878 epidemic include: Bloom, Khaled J. Currently, Keegan Reed's death is widely spreading, and people are concerned to know about Keegan Reed Obituary and want to get a real update. 3. If there is not an acceptable cause of death in Part I, an acceptable cause of death in Part II does Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Trabajos Selectos Del Dr. Carlos J. Finlay: Selected Papers of Dr. Carlos J. Finlay. (1911). African Americans from at least the 1790s onward published several works that dispelled this longstanding race-based theory. Immediate Family: Son of Rev. Reed, Walter; Carroll, James; and Agramonte, Aristides. The grave site of Walter W Reed. The man behind . All Rights Reserved, 1982;248(11):1342-1345. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330110038022, Walter Reed, Major, Medical Corps, US Army, died in, Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography, Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience, Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment, Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine. It was his daily custom to ask a cultural question. Walter Reed General Hospital, also known as Building 1, is the focal point of a new mixed-use development growing on a 66-acre portion of the former army medical center in Northwest D.C. Martin . Box-folder 153:12. Reed and Carroll published their first report in April 1899 and in February 1900 submitted a complete report for publication. Walter Reed was a career doctor before joining the Army in 1874. Reed graduated from medical school at the University of Virginia at seventeen and continued his education at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in Manhattan. The Final Chapter Of Robert Reed's Story. Letter from William C. Gorgas to Henry R. Carter, December 13, 1900. Here is all you want to know, and more! Reprint of an article by Carlos J. Finlay that was first published in: Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Mdicas, Fsicas y Naturales de la Habana, Volume 18, 1881. Thank you. dmc7be@virginia.edu, UVA alumnus Walter Reed led the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba. A yellow fever patient rests in a segregated, screened-in cubicle in Gorgas Hospital, a U.S. Army hospital in Panama City, Panama, in the early 1900s. Later, he became a professor of bacteriology at what is now George Washington University. when its first cases were documented; some even believe that yellow fever was the cause of death for many of . Seite auswhlen. Dan Cavanaugh is the Alvin V. and Nancy Baird Curator of Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. By 1873, the 22-year-old had been appointed to the Brooklyn Board of Health as one of its five inspectors. Two buildings, personally designed by Walter Reed, were constructed; in the first building, three volunteers were sealed in a room and asked to sleep in linens covered with the excrement and dried blood of patients who had died of yellow fever and wear the clothes of the deceased patients. [11] Philip Showalter Hench, a Nobel Prize winner for Physiology or Medicine in 1950, maintained a long interest in Walter Reed and yellow fever. However, the coroner added in the report that it's unclear what caused the condition. Walter Reed (actor) Death: and Cause of Death. 6. With that being said, let's further investigate the truth and details of Lexi Reed Obituary. In addition to that medal, course, and a stamp issued in his honor (shown), locations and institutions named after the medical pioneer include: John Miltern portrayed Reed in the 1934 Broadway play, Yellow Jack, written by Pulitzer Prize winner Sidney Howard, in collaboration with Paul de Kuif . Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, December 2, 1900. In her study on the relationship between yellow fever and Cuban independence, Mariola Espinosa argued that the U.S. Army occupation governments efforts to control yellow fever in Cuba were largely motivated by a concern about the spread of the disease to the United States. Crosby, Molly Caldwell. Today, most Americans have little knowledge of Walter Reed or his role in the fight against yellow fever. When Reed first presented the commissions findings to an audience of his colleagues, he received both praise and criticism. Yet the kudos afforded Reed are valid only to a point. In less than a year, yellow fever had been virtually eradicated in Havana, providing the ultimate demonstration that Finlays mosquito theory was correct. Sadly, the story of mosquitoes and their carriage of deadly infectious diseases refuses to die with Walter Reed. During the first U.S. occupation of Cuba, from 1899 to 1904, U.S. authorities on the island prioritized funding for yellow fever in Cuba committing unprecedented amounts of money to the study and control of the disease. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[10]. There is still no cure for the disease only vaccinations against it. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Senator John Fetterman (D-PA) is said to be "brain dead" while being hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda. But according to his death report; He was also suffering from the ill effects of HIV which also played a noteworthy role in his swift passing. The Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C., was named in his honour. He also returned to JHU to study bacteriology and pathology under one of the best doctors in those fields. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Reed's breakthrough in yellow fever research is widely considered a milestone in biomedicine, opening new vistas of research and humanitarianism. Prior to this, about 10% of the workforce had died each year from malaria and yellow fever. Father of Emily Lawrence "Blossom" Reed and Maj. Gen. Walter Lawrence Reed. Since then, the canal has been a vital lifeline for deployment of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and commerce across the world. Epidemic Invasions: and the Limits of Cuban independence, 1878-1930. Jessica Walter, the Emmy-winning actress best known as boozy matriarch Lucille Bluth on "Arrested Development," died Wednesday. Success in the Cuban city was the final proof they needed to prove the mosquito-theory correct. 12. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Two of his elder brothers later achieved distinction: J.C. became a minister in Virginia like their father, and Christopher a judge in Wichita, Kansas and later St. Louis, Missouri. In December 1900, as the results at Camp Lazear began to be known, Gorgas wrote to Henry Rose Carter: So I think if you want to be in at the killing, you had better come down [to Cuba] this winter. 87-88. The team proved that yellow fever was spread by mosquitoes. Reed was born in 1916 in Fort Ward, Washington. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. Dean would also survive. After two years, Reed completed the M.D. The results were dramatic. Definitions: Cause of death vs risk factors. In recent historical accounts, much has been made of Walter Reeds insistence that the impoverished Spanish immigrants and the enlisted soldiers who volunteered for these human experiments were informed about the risks they were taking. manchester nh shooting today, jet2 advert 2020 actress, lady vols basketball recruiting,