ralph bernard myers ralph bernard myers

[10][11], The 2019 film Just Mercy dramatizes McMillian's case, and stars Jamie Foxx as McMillian and Michael B. Jordan as Bryan Stevenson, with direction by Destin Daniel Cretton, based on Stevenson's 2014 book Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption. McMillian was mainly incarcerated because of an extramarital affair giving his wife every reason to split, but she didn't. 0P^FF NSWwD}Y7g\2iR 0&kk'oqfN_8=gSGJ#"4iibk!M3S~BI^" 4llN8hPl U;AHjj4{CSgX"gy>]Q|\0{1 , The Case Against Section 1983 Immunity for Witnesses Who Conspire with a State Official to Present Perjured Testimony. Bernard, Sr. Ralph Bernard, 94, passed away after a short illness.Ralph was born in Barberton on August 5, 1915 to William Bernard and Eugenia Yeck Bernard. Anyone can read what you share. This project aims to create a new white tomato variety that hono, Gardening Tips for Growing Tomatoes | Everything You Need to Know, Gardening is an incredibly rewarding activity, and tomatoes are one of the most popular crops to grow. Ralph Bernard Myers of Alabama, arrests, mugshots, and charges Updated 2023 | Arrest Facts DISCLAIMER NOTICE: ALL ARE PRESUMED INNOCENT. Works on Paper. An old friend, Dwight Ripley, offered to back a gallery and in 1951 the Tibor de Nagy Gallery opened at 219 East 53rd Street with John Bernard Myers as the gallery director. Testimony at Trial. Ronda Morrison, 18, was shot three times in the head and robbed while working at a dry cleaners in her hometown Nov. 1, 1986. Just Mercy is directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, who in his feature debut, , Michael B. Jordan and Brie Larson in "Just Mercy. 'q@S?JI &v8gO##v]XVv-7C@+CS jE`bKCKJ[1VUA!CczoRPV!c(,RGvM3bF$vc1& e|wtQB]GNbX\>p=6@2EBa,Z'{Mw~F e|:bD"U>3zL&hmmcU&,RX@m5=PD`mW'A(/hNJX#C=$_(ZB>"}V endobj Myerslater admitted he was never there. The fact that McMillan had an affair with a white woman was enough for these racists to label him murderer and end his life. Bryan Stevenson: Obviously Stevenson is the MVP. I don't give a damn what your people say either. endobj From 1990 to 1993, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals turned down four appeals. endobj Marjorie Taylor Greene pilloried after endorsing secession for towns and counties, Marjorie Taylor Greene spokesperson throws profane tantrum when confronted by CNN fact-checker, 'This is downright authoritarian': Florida Republican lambasted over bill to obliterate all traces of Democrats, 'The maths are hard': Marjorie Taylor Greene mocked for not understanding what 'seized' means, 'I obviously don't have evidence': House Republican has a wild new conspiracy about COVID-19 origins, 'Isnt she amazing?' Ralph Myers Snowdon 1857 Ralph Myers Snowdon in Scotland, Births and Baptisms, 1564-1950. Ralph Bernard Myers: Myers had a change of heart. McMillian said he was at home. High energy, results-oriented, self-motivated, and discipline leader . <>31]/P 23 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> These images, rather than the fine speeches the script gives Stevenson toward the end, are what remain with you when the lights come up. [9][5] She had been shot numerous times from behind. Im innocent. That and the bone-deep satisfaction of seeing justice at long last done. "The only reason I'm here is because I had been messing around with a white lady and my son married a white lady," he said last week in a prison interview. Jiffy peat pellets are a popular choice for starting tomatoes, but they can also be used for peppers. ArrestFacts, Inc. is not a consumer reporting agency as defined by the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"). Stevenson was able to compile all of that information and get "60 Minutes" to run a feature story. !-BFK1]R|;0gQ!S2)3WKhDOs*7* 9+`]IeG|+mK? Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. 2020-02-24T08:43:39-08:00 For a reason beyond me, Myers developed a conscious and realized the pain his lie caused the McMillian family. He said he believed that a report by CBS' 60 Minutes on the case had prompted his release. Maybe this will restore some of your faith in humanity because yes,Just Mercy is very much based on a true story. Buy Now Pa. moves closer to having a bigger role in deciding winner in presidential primaries. And this case was unusual because the state's case proved not flimsy, but nonexistent, he said. These included: The McMillian family:Walter McMillian had a family of believers. Weve always understood the importance of calling out corruption, regardless of political affiliation. A1993 New York Times reportmentions that there were two other witnesses in addition to Myers but they only specified that one of those two saw the truck. The camaraderie between him and his death-row neighbors is especially moving: Herb Richardson (Rob Morgan), a traumatized Vietnam vet who cant forgive himself for the bombing death he caused, and Anthony Ray Hinton (OShea Jackson Jr. Ice Cubes son), younger, more upbeat, and as insistent as McMillian on his own innocence. endobj [14] Key remarked that "McMillian deserved to be executed for the brutal killing of a young lady in the first full flower of adulthood. The collection measures 2.0 linear feet and documents Myers's work as a writer, editor, and gallery director, and includes correspondence, writings, printed material, and photographs. Ralph Bernard Edwards (1948-2008) - Find A Grave Memorial Born in 7 Jul 1948 and died in 9 May 2008 Fort Myers, Florida Ralph Bernard Edwards Register Sign In Home Memorials Cemeteries Famous Contribute Register Sign In Memorial updated successfully. Walter McMillian walked out of court into the arms of relatives after Baldwin County Circuit Court Judge Pam Baschab granted a defense motion to drop all charges. He hadfound and used the tape recording of Myerstalking about being pressured as evidence. 's office and the Alabama Bureau of Investigation (ABI) had "pressured [Myers] into lying about Mr. Dr. Bernd Raphael, MD is an Internal Medicine Specialist in Lehigh Acres, FL. That's so sad, thanks for posting that Barbara. Research the case of 02/23/93 WALTER MCMILLIAN v. STATE, from the Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama, 02-23-1993. Myers reversing his confession wasn't enough to gain McMillian freedom; however, it garnered the attention needed for Stevenson to continue the fight and bring more attention to the case. [5][14], The two witnesses who had testified that they had seen McMillian's truck retracted their testimony, and admitted that they lied at trial, committing perjury. And one of his sons had married a white woman. The information provided by ArrestFacts.com are not "consumer reports" or otherwise intended to be compliant with the FCRA. Following the trial, Myers pleaded guilty as a conspirator and received a . Minnie Bell McMillian, the freed inmates wife, said nothing could repay her for the six years. Just Mercy is directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, who in his feature debut, Short Term 12 (2013), showed a deep compassion for societys outcasts and those trying to help them. dFLh&2WS H!C0.LI( P>PkC&vs @ 1z-!EK > 30 0 obj The pups can become protection dogs with the proper training. None of that material was turned over to the defense at the time, as required. They have also lived in Halethorpe, MD and Baltimore, MD. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. [9], Further investigation revealed that McMillian's truck, supposedly seen by witnesses at the scene of the crime, had not been converted to a "low-rider" until six months after the crime took place. 54 0 obj The casting is especially strong. Sign up forOxygen Insiderfor all the best true crime content. Whatever the reason, inquiries by Mr. Stevenson and by Alabama Bureau of Investigation agents have since discredited every element of the prosecutions case. He got 30 years and has a release date from prison of 2017. Dr. Garramone has been awarded Best Plastic Surgeon for the last five consecutive years in a row and Best Breast Cosmetic Surgeon. Ralph Agnew Myers Birth 2 Jul 1912 Death 15 Aug 1992 (aged 80) Burial. Ralph Bernard Geschftsfhrer bei mba Automation GmbH Calden MBA Automation GmbH Universitt Kassel Ralph Bernard Chairman at Central School of Ballet Swindon Broadcast Journalism Training. Skip navigation Healthgrades Healthgrades Find a doctor BackFind a Doctor Find doctors by specialty Family Medicine Internal Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology Dentistry <>9]/P 20 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> On August 17, 1988, the jury of eleven whites and one African American found McMillian "guilty of the capital offense charged in the indictment"[9] and recommended a life sentence, based on the testimony of four state's informants found by the prosecution: Ralph Myers,[9] a career criminal; Bill Hooks, Jr.; Joe Hightower;[9] and one other. Finally, the lawyer found that Mr. McMillian's truck was not turned into the low rider identified by his accusers until well after the murder. The court said the state had surpressed evidence that could have demonstrated his innocence or damaged the testimony of a key witness. Unlike many in that situation, McMillan was granted a second chance at life, and how that happened is the most interesting part of the film. He is past president of the Psychology of Religion division of the American Psychological. Jamie Foxx portrays McMillian and Michael B. Jordan stars as Stevenson. But to get the most out of your tomato plants, its important to understand the basics of planting and caring for them. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. Directed by Destin Daniel Cretton. From the start, the case was enveloped in a volatile mixture of race and sex stemming from Mr. McMillian's involvement with a white woman. [9][Notes 5], In 1992 the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals in McMillian v. State 594 So. The key witness against McMillian at his 1988 trial was Ralph Bernard Myers, who later recanted his story that he saw McMillian at the murder scene. In the 1988 trial, under a controversial Alabama doctrine called "judicial override", the judge imposed the death penalty, although the jury had voted for a sentence of life imprisonment. Why is his ears cropped? Lived In Hamlet NC, Raleigh NC. There are other folks in prison who don't have the money or the resources or the good fortune to have folks come in and help them.". "[6] He was held there, pre-trial, for 15 months. There are no incumbents in this race. Una de las mejores alternativas a Movistar TV | HBO Max es Televisin Express, funciona igual para Smart TV, telfonos mviles Android, PC, TV Box, Fire TV Stick y muchos ms.Ahora ya sabe cmo instalar TV Express en televisores Android para disfrutar de la televisin en lnea gratis. Another criminal suspect testified that he saw Mr. McMillian's "low rider" truck near the cleaner's, and a third man implicated Mr. McMillian. "[9] McMillian's attorneys from the Equal Justice Initiative filed a petition for a new trial alleging various constitutional violations, including "that a key state witness had recanted his testimony, that the appellant's conviction had been obtained by perjured testimony, and that the evidence of perjury was newly discovered." I guess theyll get whats coming to them down the road, McMillian said. The key prosecution witness at McMillian's 1988 trial was Ralph Bernard Myers, who later recanted his story that he saw McMillian at the murder scene. McMillian said he's already "forgiven the people that lied on me and put me in jail. Michael B. Jordan (Creed, Black Panther) plays Bryan Stevenson, a Harvard Law graduate who, against his familys wishes, moves to Alabama to open the Equal Justice Initiative, aimed at providing legal assistance to condemned prisoners. Mr. McMillian's lawyer called a dozen witnesses, who all testified he was at home the day of the murder taking part in a fish fry. endobj "[6], Eighteen-year-old Ronda Morrison, a white dry-cleaning clerk, was murdered at Jackson Cleaners on November 1, 1986, in Monroeville, Alabama. There are many different types of tomatoes, Co-Existing with Nature: Protect Your Garden from Pests Easily, Protecting Your Garden from Pests Three witnesses testified against Mr. McMillian and the jury ignored multiple alibi witnesses, who were black, who testified that he was at a church fish fry at the time of the crime, the Equal Justice Initiative, a human rights organization based in Montgomery, Alabama which Stevenson founded, states. There were a number of impossible factors that all had to work in his favor that ultimately granted his freedom. He avoided the death penalty by testifying against McMillian. It was appealed to the United States Supreme Court,[19] which ruled against McMillian, holding that a county sheriff could not be sued for monetary damages. [19] Subsequently, McMillian settled out of court with other officials for an undisclosed amount. 25 0 obj Ralph Myers: In Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson, Ralph Myers is a prisoner who reaches out to Stevenson to confess to giving false testimony against Walter McMillian, helping to put McMillian. Related To Ralph Garrison, Terry Garrison, Lynda Garrison, Angela Garrison, Troy Garrison. Pearson had failed to disclose exculpatory evidence to McMillian's attorneys, including records from the Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility and Myers' June 3 and August 27 statements. Were given glimpses of a policeman sidelined for refusing to lie, a prison guard (Hayes Mercure) shocked back into humanity by an execution, and most memorably a portrayal of the jailbird false witness, Myers, by Tim Blake Nelson, that is at times heartbreaking in its depiction of a warped and wrecked spirit. McMillians conviction was overturned by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals in 1993, according to the1993 New York Times report. [5], Six years after the original trial, in an unrelated case, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals found that the prosecutor, District Attorney Theodore Pearson, and Judge Key "had practiced 'intentional racial discrimination' in jury selection. Prosecutor Joins Defense. PG-13 (thematic content, some racial epithets). "[13][5] There was no physical evidence implicating McMillian. Myers is serving a 30-year sentence for the robbery. Mr. Myers was born August 30, 1923 in Surry County to James Henry. ButMcMillian was known around town for having an affair with a white woman, according to the National Registry of Exonerations. ", See the article in its original context from. What's more, Mr. Stevenson's investigation turned up Mr. Myers's first response to the inquiries by the police about Mr. McMillian, in which he said he had had no knowledge of Mr. McMillian's involvement in the crime. dave kleiman cause of death. Salary, income, and how that happened is the second Haisley funeral we have attended this year found! Mr. Myers testified that Mr. McMillian asked him for a ride to the cleaning store. I have plenty of friends who are sentenced 10 or 20 years in jail and they feel doomed as soon as the judge slams the gavel. Castle Connolloy, America's most trusted source for identifying Top Doctors, has ranked Dr. Garramone as one of America's Top Doctors in plastic surgery for eleven years . @2022 - AlterNet Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. Information available through ArrestFacts.com is provided for informational purposes only. It's a feel-good movie about taking on the unfairness of the world that'sperfect for the holidays butis it real or is it just as fictional as Its a Wonderful Life"? Abigail Salisbury and Robert Pagane are running in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 34 on February 7, 2023. called him the worst kind of human being and that his life has no value, no purpose," Stevenson said. McMillian, 52, who is black, said he believed race was a factor in his arrest in 1987. Prince 12.5 (www.princexml.com) Walter McMillian walked out of a courtroom here today a free man after prosecutors conceded that he had spent six years on Alabama's Death Row because of perjured testimony and evidence withheld from his lawyers. Bernard Ralph. His family. [6] However, Chapman did not agree that there had been a "deliberate effort to frame Mr. Whether youre growing hot or sweet varieties, there are some important tips for success. Works on Paper. Thirty-six of the nearly two hundred convicts on death row are there because of override."[5]. endobj Facebook gives people the power to. The small farming town of Monroeville is widely known as the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird, the story of a white attorney who defends a black man wrongly accused of raping a white woman. If McMillian was still incarcerated in 2020 (he passed in 2013), I believe Stevenson would still be filing appeals. He contended that Mr. McMillian's release proved the the system worked. He was freed by a state judge who dismissed all charges with the backing of Monroe County District Attorney Tommy Chapman. McMillian, who was sent to death row after his conviction, said he was at home when the teen-ager was slain. His conviction was wrongfully obtained, based on police coercion and perjury. There, Mr. Myers said, he witnessed the murder. Criminal charges are only formal allegations. Fortunately, there are a variety of methods you can use to protect your garden from these pesky critters. From $500. Ralph Barnard. Coverage of the latest true crime stories and famous cases explained, as well as the best TV shows, movies and podcasts in the genre. Innocence Is Clear, "The fortunate thing about Mr. McMillian's case is his innocence was demonstrable," he said. Ralph J Garrison, 71. And Jamie Foxx is his usual terrific self as Walter McMillian, better known as Johnny D., who has been waiting to die for six years for. Ralph Bernard Regional Property Manager offering outstanding presentation, communication, and cross-cultural team management. 'TW:ni^aPDCy,wCcE)Z:|@ B|H8']}| (`'" h" 'Wz[0edg After he had decided to take the appeal, he got a phone call from Judge Key discouraging Stevenson from taking the case. [6] McMillian held two jobs and "no criminal record other than a misdemeanor charge stemming [from] a barroom fight". "It was too easy for one person to come into court and frame a man for a murder he didn't commit. The Power Of The Ballot We Need In Sheer Defense, Else What Shall Save Us From A Second Slavery? Ralph R Myers, age 83, Birmingham, AL Background Check Locations: Verbena AL, Bessemer ALPossible Relatives: Randy Ann Kaye-myers, Rebecca Lynn Littleton A life sentence was overridden by Judge Robert E. Lee Key Jr., who imposed the death penalty. Ralph Werner Bernard Marysville, WA (Getchell) Phone Number Address Background Report Addresses 72nd St NE, Marysville, WA 75th St SE, Everett, WA Relatives Librada C Bernard View details Phone Numbers (425) nay - peek (425) nay - peek + 1 more View Details AGE 50s Ralph T Bernard Jr Verona, NJ (Verona South Side) Aliases Ralph T Bernard Bernard Starring Michael B. Jordan, Jamie Foxx, Brie Larson, Tim Blake Nelson. what happened to ralph myers. A white man, Ralph Bernard Myers, is pressured by police into giving perjured testimony to receive leniency in the murder of eighteen-year-old Ronda Morrison, a white dry-cleaning clerk. He was indeed found guilty, after only a day and a half long trial, in 1987, according to the National Registry of Exonerations. Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, breaking news, sweepstakes, and more! 1 Judge Robert E. Lee Key, Jr., "had McMillian await trial on death row, as if a death sentence were a foregone conclusion, and relocated the trial from a county that was forty per cent black to an overwhelmingly white one," Baldwin County, where 86 percent of the residents were white, because the case had "generated extraordinary publicity. endobj Join Facebook to connect with Bernard Ralph and others you may know. endobj He was at a fish fry, according to a Washington Post book review of Circumstantial Evidence: Death, Life, and Justice in a Southern Town,which details the case. endobj Chapman said prosecuting Myers and the other two witnesses who lied could be difficult because the three-year limit on bringing perjury charges has expired. There were no immediate suspects after Ronda Morrison was murdered on the morning of Nov. 1, 1986, in a dry cleaning store. From $500. [2] Stevenson featured this early case of his career in a TED talk and in his memoir Just Mercy (2014). 42 0 obj AnyLaw is the FREE and Friendly legal research service that gives you unlimited access to massive amounts of valuable legal data. Whether he was also put there for being a black man who violated the racial and sexual taboos of the small-town South is only one of the issues swirling around a case that has evoked not only distinctly Southern but also far broader questions of race and justice. Stevenson and Ansley receive bomb threats, plead with witnesses too frightened to testify, and fight hard against an entrenched good-old-boy network that runs from local cops to a corrupt county sheriff (Michael Harding) to a district attorney (Rafe Spall) slow to see the right thing. [3] He died on September 11, 2013. In a 2015 NPR interview, Stevenson described how that phone call was a "very, very bizarre start to my career and to the work that I was doing in Alabama." The key witness against McMillian at his 1988 trial was Ralph Bernard Myers, who later recanted his story that he saw McMillian at the murder scene. . The state built a case on suspect testimony and withheld crucial evidence that called that testimony into question. It was too easy for the state to convict someone for that crime and then have him sentenced to death. Ralph William Myers Mr. Ralph William Myers, age 98, of Wilkesboro passed away Monday, February 21, 2022 at his home. Michael B. Jordan as Bryan Stevenson and Jame Foxx as Walter McMillian. [6] McMillian's conviction and death sentence were affirmed on appeal in 1991 in McMillian v. State, 594 So. LeBlanc), and community, we see the effects of that inequality and a hope that is casually extinguished every day, only to be cautiously reignited the next. His office accepts new patients. He pleaded to a reduced charge of murder, but claims he did not kill the woman. F. 2020-02-24T08:43:39-08:00 Iconic Collections. In the film "Just Mercy," attorney Bryan Stevenson fights for one of his first-ever clients, Walter McMillian, who was wrongfully convicted of killing a young white woman named Ronda Morrison. But he contended there was no deliberate effort to frame Mr. McMillian. Myers testified before the jury that he had an agreement with the state that, in exchange for his testimony, he would be allowed to plead guilty to a noncapital offense, but that, although he had decided to testify at the appellant's trial, he had not yet decided whether he would enter a guilty plea. The murder in Monroeville outraged the small farming town, which is widely known as the setting for the book "To Kill a Mockingbird." After a week of interrogation by. Because of the death sentence, Mr. McMillian's case was vigorously appealed, and eventually overturned. View the profiles of people named Bernard Ralph. 'SeiRg%79timLr?x# cnf$eVg6f& YL9HkSW9a[YrY5(vk]]Cq @"'bxtG2&r>x;ae~A~ 26tt3**j'^R12|/d5}Ax\,n`P\7 suK'41'(' :*%jT*/G5J!\)_F!z;S*?GzQSpU4A+qFy!l)Q Qe75C "[10], On February 23, 1993, in his fifth appeal to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, the judges ruled 50 to reverse McMillian's conviction and grant him a new trial. This differs from the depiction of the trial in "Just Mercy," which features only one witness who claimed to have seen McMillian's truck. He claimed that McMillian's exoneration "proved the system worked. In addition, one of his sons had married a white woman. Advent Moravian God's Acre . Nine months later, he was arrested and convicted by an almost entirely white jury on the testimony of a career criminal named Ralph Bernard Myers, despite multiple witnesses establishing McMillian . Stevenson wouldn't say whether McMillian would seek damages. (No Ratings Yet) No guarantee can be made with regard to the accuracy, currency, completeness or usefulness of any information available through this website. 40 0 obj The German Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1900. ), he nailed it. Donald Trump is the Republican Party, Scott Adams and why American capitalism kneels before a bigger God, 'How confident your stupidity is': Lauren Boebert lampooned for posting crudely-cropped US map, 'Rule by local warlords?' But Mr. Stevenson said the case, coming at a time that the Supreme Court is increasingly cutting off avenues for Federal appeals, was a reminder how flawed the justice system could be. Create your free profile and get access to exclusive content. To many of his defenders, Mr. McMillian's conviction for the killing seemed like an updated version of the book, in which a black man was accused of raping a white woman. endobj {{ post.roar_specific_data.api_data.analytics }}. He got none during the 10-minute hearing. <>stream Last week, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the capital murder conviction for McMillian, 52. App.1991). Make a one-time contribution to Alternet All Access, Forget Jeb DeSantis. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. [9], On February 23, 1993, in Walter McMillian v. State in the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, all judges concurred that "the state suppressed exculpatory and impeachment evidence that had been requested by the defense, thus denying the appellant due process of law, requiring the reversal of his conviction and death sentence, and the remand of the case for a new trial. <>13]/P 21 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> 2020-02-24T08:43:39-08:00 Check out never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! <><>17 18]/P 21 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> <> "[5] It emerged that Sheriff Tate and investigators with the Monroe County D.A. Get an all-access pass to never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! Chapman also said the statute of limitations on possible perjury charges against the witnesses has expired. Obituary for Ralph Bernard Story (Aged 86) Both Mr. McMillian and his lawyer at the original trial, J. L. Chestnut, contended that Mr. McMillian's relationships along had made him a suspect. Prosecutors conceded he was wrongly convicted. <> Ralph Bernard Myers Last Updated: January 11th, 2023 Jail Location Alabama 73yo White Male Information Control Personal Details Recent Arrests Recent Charges Arrest facts in Alabama Abbett, Joshua He told jurors that he saw McMillian standing over the girl's body. Eight months later the police, arrested Ralph Myers, a 30-year-old with a long criminal record, in connection with another killing in nearby Escambia County. [7], Upon discovery of this evidence, District Attorney Thomas Chapman, who had represented the state in McMillian's previous appeals, told Stevenson, "I want to do everything I can so that your client will not have to spend a single day more than he already has on death row. Nor does Just Mercy portray Alabama as a wall of entrenched bigotry just the majority of the law enforcement and judicial systems.