r46 subway car retirement r46 subway car retirement

Because of these problems, all R46s had to be checked three times per week for truck cracks. The replacement idea was the PST-9 and PST-11. They replaced all remaining Arnine cars and GE-powered R16s, and some R10s. US-based design and architecture firm Antenna Design New York was awarded a contract to design the exterior, interior, and customer information displays for the new R211 subway cars in 2017. All R46s had to be checked 3 times per week for these cracks. You can read here about other recent derailments in the region. The blue stripes on the side of the cars were removed, resulting in the appearance of an entirely unpainted car body (the fiberglass ends remain painted silver to match the stainless sides). The cars will undergo qualification testing to prepare for the service entry, which is anticipated in September 2022. The R46 was the second order of 75-foot cars to be ordered for the New York City Subway, after the R44s. These cars remain in service (as of April 2020) on the A, F, Q, R, and Rockaway Park Shuttle lines. The R46 is a class of subway cars built for the Potato City Subway's B Division. Entering service between 2017 and 2020, the cars replaced all remaining R32s and R42s . The additional options include 640 cars in the first option and 437 in the second option. The new R211 subway cars feature a sleek design and a full-colour digital line identifier along with an end route sign. This page was last changed on 9 February 2023, at 11:10. Today, in this video, we go through the history of the railcars, talking about the issues the Transit Authority experienced when they first entered service, and how they perform now, in the present day, after nearly 50 years of service.My Gaming Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/MysticZeenozJoin My Discord Server: https://discord.gg/KKgHsxTfkAFollow Me On Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mystictransit/My Twitter: https://twitter.com/RealZeenozJoin this channel to get access to perks:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5wN82Chzc1fu0BGx9yNN_g/joinCredit to Spicy for my Channel BannerWhoIsAdam: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCEEPtEECfW-JuLxGRxJWwMusic by Karrit Music - Lofi Sax Type Beat - https://thmatc.co/?l=21012D3FMusic by Mark Generous - Mukbangs - https://thmatc.co/?l=624306B6Music by STUDIO BEYOND - Last Train To Seoul (with Calming Lines) - https://thmatc.co/?l=A7A4FF0EI make cool Transportation Videos, mostly revolving around Railfanning/Trainspotting, Station Tours, and Informational-Type videos. The base order is for the delivery of three types of R211 subway cars, including 440 standard NYCT (R211A) cars, 20 open-gangway (R211T) cars, and 75 Staten Island Railway (SIR) (R211S) cars. See detailed roster below for the original numbers. The R46 cars were manufactured by Pullman Standard between 1975 and 1978. The Lincoln facility is engaged in the manufacturing of car body structure and the installation of interior equipment, while the Yonkers and Lincoln facilities are responsible for the final assembly and function testing. The R46s are numbered 54826207 and 62086258 (even numbers only). When delivered, these two cars carried a commemoration as the 200th and 201st cars of the series to be delivered. These trains are old and there are several ways in which equipment could have malfunctioned and tripped the emergency brakes. The subway car order was the largest single order of passenger cars in United States railroad history at the point of the fleet's completion. youll have a better experience if you turn your device horizontally. The accident occurred because the 54-year old motorman, Alick Williams of Saint Albans, had a heart attack; he died at the scene. After they were rebuilt in 198992, they were renumbered to 5482-6258. The R46 subway car was the first to have air-conditioning. 150 of the new cars were ordered for service on the new IND Sixth Avenue Line, which opened on December 15, 1940. The R46 was the second order of 75-foot cars to be ordered for the New York City Subway, after the R44s. As a result, the NYCTA tried to minimize usage of the R46 fleet, until their trucks were replaced with new R44 type standard trucks ordered from General Steel and Buckeye Industries. "Subdivision 'B' Car Assignments: Cars Required November 1, 2021", "The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s", "Work Begins on 752 Subway Cars for New York", "MTA saddles Q train riders with old subway cars to prep for new signal system", "Subway Cars Held Perilous for the Blind", "Fatal Subway Accident Is Subject of an Inquiry", The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s, "MTA CAPITAL PROGRAM MILESTONES - March 31, 2011", "F train derailment caused by unrepaired track defects: MTA", "NYC subway derailment blamed on 'human error', "Subway Derailment in Manhattan Injures Dozens", "MTA: Unsecure Rail Stored on Tracks Caused Harlem Subway Derailment", "MTA to add more space on L line by retrofitting train cars", "NYC Subway Service to Resume After Suspect Derails Train With Debris, Injuring 3", "Manhattan subway train derails after laughing saboteur throws metal clamps on tracks: police sources", "Arrest made in subway derailment caused by train striking debris on tracks in Manhattan", "New York City Subway Car Fleet June 2010 through November 2016", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&oldid=1139833149, Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 748 (640in revenue service during rush hours), Stainless steel with fiberglass end bonnets, 8 sets of 50-inch (1,270mm) wide side doors per car, New York Air Brake "SMEE" Braking System, Tread Brake unit model D7587719. Currently, the cars maintained at Pitkin Avenue Yard in Brooklyn run on the A, C, and Rockaway Park Shuttle, and the cars maintained at Jamaica Yard in Queens run on the R. On April 7, 1972, Pullman Standard bid on the contract for 900 subway cars and it was the highest bidder. They are 75 feet long and 10 feet wide, a standard that has since been abandoned in exchange for 60 foot long cars. MorrisonKnudsen rebuilt the R46s in 19901992. More. "A" car 6212 was substituted for 6062, leaving mate 6214 in storage and 6062 unlikely to be repaired. Construction and delivery of the fleet was awarded to Pullman Standard Rail, who produced 754 cars for a total cost of $210.5 million between 1975 and 1978; as part of the General Overhaul program, all units were rebuilt by MorrisonKnudsen between 1990 and 1992 to feature LCD destination boards and more reliable controls. The R46 is a New York City Subway car that operates on the IND and BMT routes of the New York City Subway. There is also a small fleet of R44s that runs on the Staten Island Railway, but they are near identical to the R46s save for their seats and the company that built them. Check out this video from 1981 when the cars were relatively new from the perspective of the workers who made A service possible back then. The R46 consisted of 188 cars in four-car sets, meaning a total of 752 cars. Unofficially, the "R" in front of New York City subway car designations stands for "revenue" though I have heard other words substituted for it. R46 trains, seen here at Rockaway Park-Beach 116 St. station in Queens. Photo by David Pirmann, August 2000. Clermont, FL 34714. Whats the real story here? Even cars with cabs are A cars, odd cars (without cabs) are B cars. Rolling Stock Passenger Access and Mobility Support Solutions, Leading cybersecurity companies for the railway industry, Leading cloud computing companies for the railway industry, Leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies for the railway industry, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System, India. Marc A. Hermann / MTA. All the 12 pairs retired were brought back into service thereafter, also since the new cars have not been delivered yet. A total of 153 R9 cars were ordered from two different manufacturers. At a rail yard in Sunset Park on Thursday . The Sixth Avenue Line was the second IND Manhattan trunk line (joining the 1932 IND Eighth Avenue Line), and therefore the additional cars were needed for the new service. Does that even make sense to you? By 1978, cracks were found in 264 R46 trucks. While the Governor continues to deny full responsibility over control of the MTA, it seems to me like $1B wont quite be enough. This lawsuit invalidated an agreement made with Pullman by executive director John G. DeRoos for US$1.5 million in spare parts to remedy the defects. The R46 order consisted of 754 single cars, originally planned to be 745,[5] that were numbered from 500 to 1278. Advertisement. Hit end of tunnel wall at 179th St., 6/4/1987. The cars were built with air-conditioning. It would require shutting down huge parts of the subway for years in order to complete. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. The R46, known for its retro decor and "conversational seating" arrangement, will be missed, but its time has come, said Lieber. This, in addition to many other flaws, caused the Transit Authority to file a $80M charge against Pullman and its subcontractors. The MTA is investing $6.1bn in rolling stock, including the R211 cars, in the current capital plan. Claim this business. Following their retirement, the majority of the cars were scrapped. Retirement [ edit] The fleet of R9 cars stayed largely intact and in service until being replaced by the R46s between 1976 and 1977, with several replaced by renumbered R4 cars in 1973. The whole set was taken out of service. The MTA maintained the cars the best they could while replacing the trucks and beginning in 1989, Morrison-Knudsen of New York rebuilt the 752 surviving R46s (2 of the original cars were badly damaged when an E train hit a wall in 1986, hmmmm) during what is called the General Overhaul program. Suite 2. 6152-6153 linked with 6206-6207. 3 8 views 54 seconds ago On February 14th 2023, A damaged consist of R46 as well as R142 cars 6150-6151 and 6346-6350 were towed out of the 207th Street Yard in Manhattan to transfer over to. By 1978, cracks were found in 264 R46 trucks. Clermont, FL 34711. Then, more than 1,200 cracks had been found by that day, and they were classified into seven types. Lowest number usually divides only by two. The R211 subway car was unveiled by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in July 2021. Credit: Marc A Hermann / MTA. To keep track of their structural issues, R46 trucks had to be inspected several times a week. However, if you wish to continue using your mobile browser. They were built by Pullman Standard in Chicago, Illinois in 197578. Retired after derailment north of 125th Street on 6/27/2017. The R46 is a New York City Subway car model that was built by the Pullman Standard Company from 1975 to 1978 for the IND/BMT B Division. The biggest difference between them is TBA. Other bidders included General Electric, Rohr Industries, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The cars were not renumbered in order. By the time the last of the 754 R46 cars were delivered in December of 1978, they were 3 years and some change behind the expected 1975 delivery date. There are still a handful of R42s that run on the J line (though most of that fleet was scrapped long ago). In June 2019, the first R46 was retired, as well as 12 married pairs that year. Between 1989 and 1992, the R46s were overhauled by Morrison-Knudsen, at which time the side roll signs were replaced with LCD destination signs, a new brake system was installed, and other mechanical upgrades were made. These cars remain in service (as of April 2020) on the A, F, Q, R, and Rockaway Park Shuttle lines. In late July 1979, inspections revealed that the steel where the car body was joined to the truck was wearing away, a severe safety issue. It looks like youre arriving via a mobile app. It might be time to begin saying goodbye to the R-46 subway car, which currently works the A, F and R subway lines; in fact the A fleet is still nearly all R-46. Built by the Pullman Standard Company between 1975 and 1978 note the earth-tone color scheme and faux wood paneling the R46 remains a mass-transit mainstay to this day. Once the order was reduced to 752 cars, the entire cost of the order was reduced to $210.5 million. The first R46s ran in passenger service on July 14, 1975. The first R46s ran in passenger service on July 14, 1975. Three cars were preserved, while the rest were scrapped. The R46s are very similar to the R44s, but the two car types could not run together in the same train. The R46 is a New York City Subway car model that was built by the Pullman Standard Company from 1975 to 1978 for the IND/BMT B Division. However, three have been preserved: introducing citations to additional sources, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R9_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&oldid=1098392438, motorized single units (Half-width operator's cab at each end; conductor controls on exterior), 8 sets of 45 inch wide side doors per car, Car 1802 has been preserved by Railway Preservation Corp. and restored. The gangways allow the passengers to move freely between cars. The R46 is a New York City Subway car model that was built by the Pullman Standard Company from 1975 to 1978 for the IND/BMT B Division. We deliver these mouth-watering flavors with our famous Footlongs, 6" sandwiches, wraps and salads. Will California ever get its high-speed rail? Featuring TMC, Notwindows, QQWERTY Railfan, Allen Tommy, and R-TwoSixMini-Documentary on some of the most revolutionary MTA NYC Subway and Staten Island Rail. The dead mans switch is activated when the operator is removed from control and on the R46 it requires the operator to let go of the throttle. Hit end of tunnel wall at 179th St., 6/4/1987. (352) 242-6037. not renumbered in order. Open gangways will be incorporated into 20 of the cars ordered in the initial contract, connecting individual cars with accordion-like walls. Lowest number usually divides only by two. They weigh up to 91,000lbs each (without a full load) and have 4 sets of doors on each side. The last day of R9 cars in service was on March 31, 1977, as the cars made their final run on the J train. January 29, 2018. Pullman was the lowest bidder on the R46 contract, beating companies like General Electric and Westinghouse. But some trains will be retiring starting in December 2022. Originally consisting of 400 cars, only ten R11s were built, due to the cancellation of the Second Avenue Subway.. The cars were to be constructed almost identically to the R44s. In July 1979, Pullman Standard informed the MTA that the hand brake assemblies for the R46 were problematic. The problem became so bad that in June of 1979, Mayor Koch ordered any R46 with 2 or more cracks out of service. These cars, as well as the previous R44 were 75 feet (23 m) long. It can pass three R179 subway cars onto G line and has a greater speed and distance range. The cars cost about $285,000 each. In September 1980, two types of cracks that were not seen before were found on the trucks. There was an account that called the R46s "the most troubled cars ever purchased". The first two trains of R46s were placed in service on the F and N in July 14, 1975, with a brief ceremony at 34th StreetHerald Square, attended by Mayor Abraham Beame and MTA Chairman David Yunich. They were used primarily for increased service in Queens and the opening of the Crosstown Line. By 1980, 1,700 cracks had been found and two new types of cracks never seen before were discovered. An account called the R46s "the most troubled subway car ever purchased". Lead car 6062 struck center columns resulting in gashes along the side sills. Derailment due to vandalism at 14th Street/8th Avenue on 9/20/2020. Another overhaul is currently underway, which consists of changing the brown floor to the white-spotted black floor and repainting the seats to a periwinkle-blue color, similar to the ones in the new R160 cars, and replacing the suspension springs in the trucks for a notably smoother ride. The NYCTA minimized the use of the entire (keep in mind: brand new) R46 fleet until all trucks could be replaced. The R46 was the second order of 75-foot cars to be ordered for the New York City Subway, after the R44s. Which part of Orens Transit Page are you trying to reach. The contract also includes options for an additional 1,077 vehicles, which, if fully exercised, will increase the total number of vehicles to 1,612 and the total contract value to JPY400bn ($3.69bn). Two of the cars (1054 & 941) had been scrapped due to accidents. My issue is the MTA seems to have blind faith with cars that are sliding into moving violation territory and expect them to hold down major lines for 3 more years 40 Reply In September 1980, two types of cracks that were not seen before were found on the trucks. Meanwhile, cars 60636065 were linked with car 6212 to create a new four-car set and re-entered service. The cracking was such a bad problem, that on June 14, 1979, New York City Mayor Koch ordered R46s with trucks that had 2 or more cracks out of service. What are the consequences of doing what needs to be done? [citation needed], After their overhaul, the R46s were renumbered 54826258 in the mid-1990s. Accident between a "G" and "R" local train on Queens Boulevard, 11/20/1997; repaired and returned to service. The train bucked forward. 17K views 3 months ago #nycsubway #r46 #paradeoftrains The R46s are the oldest subway cars in revenue service in the New York City Subway System. [6][7], Currently, the cars maintained at Pitkin Yard run on the A, C, and Rockaway Park Shuttle, while those maintained at Coney Island Yard run on the N, Q, and W.[8][9], On April 7, 1972, Pullman Standard bid on the contract for 900 subway cars, and it was the highest bidder. After the overhaul, the R46s were equipped with LCD side screens and lost their MTA blue stripe paint-scheme. [12][13] Due to a strike at the Pullman Standard on October 1, 1977, along with other problems, the final R46s entered service in December 1978, three years behind schedule. The R46 order are numbered 5482 to 6258. The fleet is infamous for having had frequent problems in the first decade of service. The R46 car type is still heavily used by the MTA, and their original estimate to remain in service until 2011 has been pushed to 2025. The R46 is a New York City Subway car model that was built by the Pullman Standard Company from 1975 to 1978 for the IND/BMT B Division. In February 1978, 889 cracks were found in 547 of the trucks. The R9 was a New York City Subway car model, which was built by the American Car and Foundry Company and the Pressed Steel Car Company in 1940 for the Independent Subway System (IND) and its successors, which included the New York City Board of Transportation and the New York City Transit Authority. These cars have tw0 main safety systems aboard that activate the emergency brakes: a dead mans switch and a tripcock. The General Overhaul program or GOH is done about halfway through a subway cars useful life to restore and replace all critical systems and make cosmetic upgrades. During overhaul the blue stripe on the side of the car was removed, resulting in the appearance of an entirely unpainted carbody (The fiberglass ends remain painted silver to match with the stainless sides). Let me tell you a little about the type of subway car involved in the crash. On May 2, 2014, set 57425745 was involved in a derailment due to track defects while running on the F. The whole set was pulled from service, but was repaired and returned to service in February 2016. Highest number is odd. This lawsuit invalidated an agreement made with Pullman by executive director John G. DeRoos for US$1.5 million in spare parts to remedy the defects. Cars originally 500-1227 (all), 1228-1278 (even). The R46 was the largest order of subway cars in US history at the time it was made, totaling 754 cars. The R46s are planned to be replaced by the R211s beginning in the mid-2020s. The R46 order initially consisted of 754 single cars, each 75 feet (23 m) long, and was the largest single order of passenger cars in United States railroad history at the point of the fleet's completion. The R46 was the largest order of subway cars in US history at the time it was made, totaling 754 cars. The wider doors enable quicker movement of passengers, including boarding and minimise the amount of stopping time at stations. Other bidders included General Electric, Rohr Industries, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Cars originally 500-1227 (all), 1228-1278 (even). An overhaul program called the Scheduled Maintenance System (SMS) has since solved many of these problems and improved their reliability. They were delivered far behind schedule due to a strike at their South Side Chicago factory and other manufacturing problems. And we offer a variety of ways to orderquick and easy in the app or online, convenient delivery . By this time, more than 1,200 cracks had been found. Almost immediately, their problems began to emerge. Floor graphics at the doorway alert passengers to clear boarding areas, while niches are installed adjacent to the doors to ensure passengers stay away from the doors while the train is on the move. The in-game representation of this train is on version 2.1 as of March 2022 the base model was constructed by PotatoCommuter in January 2021. The fleet was initially slated to be delivered between 1973 and 1975, but a strike at Pullman's factory caused the deliveries' completion to be delayed until 1978. It put in a bid of $273,000 per car, or $246 million for the entire contract. By 1978, cracks were found in 264 R46 trucks. [25] Meanwhile, cars 61526153 were linked with cars 62066207 to create a new four-car set and re-entered service. Issues with the R46 fleet dated back to delivery, as part of the 754-car order was significantly behind schedule due to a strike at the builder, Pullman Standard. 6152-6153 linked with 6206-6207. MTA Chair Janno Lieber rides the R211 on the F line in Brooklyn on. By February of 1978, 889 cracks has been found in 547 trucks. During this time, the R46 fleet received the iconic LCD destination signs that still distinguish them today. [16] The two damaged cars were scrapped on June 4, 1987. On Tuesday, June 27, 2017 at approximately 9:48AM, a southbound A express train arriving at the 125th street station in Harlem, Upper Manhattan, suddenly derailed injuring 34 people. Once the order was awarded to Pullman Standard, the cars were constructed at the company's shops on the South Side of Chicago. I am a huge transit nerd and love the NYC subway. Orens Transit Page is best viewed on a computer or tablet. Under the NYCT's strategies to upgrade the system, the new R211 subway cars will replace the current cars (R46). The cars cost about $285,000 each. Along with the previous R44s, the R46s are 75 feet (22.86 m) long and the two car models share various similarities with one another. Improved horizontal and vertical grab rails, including looping vertical poles, will provide better safety by providing multiple gripping options for persons of various heights. During the day of the accident, headlines read Investigators are trying to figure out why an emergency brake suddenly activated and derailed a southbound A train. Everyone assumed that this is what had happened. The R179 order originally contained 208 cars that were each 75 feet (23 m) long. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or find. The R211 subway car is a next-generation subway car being built by Japanese rolling stock manufacturer Kawasaki Rail Car for the New York Citys subway system. It is the last car of the, This page was last edited on 15 July 2022, at 16:31. During the GOH, the fleet received the same LCD destination signs as the R44s, replacing the older rollsigns. The R46 cars were manufactured by Pullman Standard between 1975 and 1978. However, the rest of the orders would be completed of the new cars when the R46 retires, which the retirement date has been extended to Early 2025. Because of these problems, all R46s had to be checked three times per week for truck cracks. This lawsuit invalidated an agreement made with Pullman by executive director John G. DeRoos for US$1.5 million in spare parts to remedy the defects. The R9s were also used for service on the IND exclusively until 1968 and almost exclusively in Queens, when they were displaced by the new R40 cars. 'Subdivision 'A' Car Assignment Effective December 19, 2021'. In late July 1979, inspectors reported that steel was wearing away at the spot where the car body was joined to the truck, and that this could be potentially unsafe. Train of R-46 cars on F service at Smith/9th Street on the IND Crosstown Line. numbers "blind"); 6206-6207 is an A-B set, 6208-6258 (even numbers We deliver these mouth-watering flavors with our famous Footlongs, 6" sandwiches, wraps and salads. [citation needed], In July 1979, Pullman Standard informed the MTA that the hand brake assemblies for the R46 were problematic. There was an account that called the R46s "the most troubled cars ever purchased". The subway cars were unveiled by the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in July 2021. The R46s were constructed with sheet rubber floors, plastic seats, fluorescent lighting, spaces for ceiling advertisements and the use of air springs instead of heavy metal springs. It put out a bid of $273,000 per car, or $246 million for the entire contract. As most of you know, the rolling stock used on the NYC subway (rolling stock is another way of saying locomotives or vehicles used on a railroad) is very old. By this time, the number of cracks had almost doubled, from 889 cracks found in February 1979 to 1,700 in March 1980. However, the R46s' performance were improved following modifications and rehabilitation by the New York City Transit Authority. The truck is the part of a train which contains the wheels and axles and attaches to the passenger part of the vehicle. NYC Subway car types are referred to by their contract number, and in the case of yesterdays A train accident, these were R46 type cars. They were built and delivered from 19751978 by the Pullman Standard Company in Chicago. The R211 subway car is a next-generation subway car built by Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki Rail Car for the New York City subway. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The R46 order initially consisted of 752 cars, each 75 feet (23 m) long, arranged in four-car sets. Media related to R46 (New York City Subway car) at Wikimedia Commons. In February 1978, 889 cracks were found in 547 of the trucks. They were built by Pullman Standard in Chicago, Illinois in 1975-78. The cars were not equipped with straphangers like previous models. 12 in ( 1,435 mm) standard gauge. The R179 is a class of 318 New Technology Train subway cars built by Bombardier Transportation for the New York City Subway 's B Division. They replaced all remaining Arnine cars and General Electric-powered R16s, and some R10s. Instead, horizontal bars that passengers could hold on to were installed. only) are A-A sets.Cars in sets are numbered in consecutive Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Not rebuilt, unit numbers did not carry over into the current fleet. "A" car 6212 was substituted for 6062, leaving mate 6214 in storage and 6062 unlikely to be repaired. [6] However, the first two trains of R46s were placed in service on the F and N on July 14, 1975, with a brief ceremony at 34th StreetHerald Square, attended by Mayor Abraham Beame and MTA Chairman David Yunich. Service along the A, B, C, D, E, F, and M trains was disrupted or halted across the entire city. In late July 1979, inspections revealed that the steel where the car body was joined to the truck was wearing away, a severe safety issue. Also in 1979, Pullman informed the MTA that the hand brake assemblies for the R46 were problematic. The R211 subway cars are expected to be delivered to the NYCT by 2023. These cars, as well as the previous R44 were 75feet (23m) long. During the Bicentennial period, they were temporarily numbered 1776 and 1976. The R211 cars are being assembled at Kawasakis facilities in Lincoln, Nebraska, and Yonkers, New York. The delivery of the two options is anticipated to be completed by December 2024 and October 2025 respectively. This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 03:57. The R46s are expected to remain in service until the mid-2020s, when they will be replaced by the R211s. By 1978, there had been cracks found in 264 R46 trucks. Then, more than 1,200 cracks had been found by that day and they were classified into seven types.