2. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Jorge Morales Pedraza. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Land use function 2 2.2. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Agriculture. ", Tables D.4 D.7. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. <i>Objective</i>. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Official websites use .gov will supply the domestic market. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Cookies on OCLC websites. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Agriculture. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Agriculture. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Advanced Search Citation Search . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. The Blue Nile River. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. Search term. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Source: United Nations Comtrade. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). <i>Methods</i>. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production.