Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. For each offence, the proportion of those who were sentenced to immediate custody was lower for female offenders than for males. Child custody A campaign to change the law was led by Caroline Norton, whose own marriage to a violent husband had failed. Drunkenness in charge of a child females made up 67% of the 162 convictions, up 6 pp from 2015. Self-harm in prison custody is defined as any act where a prisoner deliberately harms themselves irrespective of the method, intent or severity of any injury. In the last 5 years, females consistently had a higher proportion of prisoners who self-harmed and a higher number of instances of self-harm per 1,000 prisoners[footnote 66]. In 2018, the Ministry of Justice published the Female Offender Strategy, which sets out the departments vision and plan to improve outcomes for women in the community and custody. This varies by offence type, females accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions for summary offences (29%) than indictable offences (14%). , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. For both sexes, the 30 to 39 age range represented the highest number of those prosecuted in 2019. Males were proportionately more likely to be victims of homicide in public places, notably on the street (males: 30%; females: 6%). This chapter (largely drawing from the Offender Management statistics Quarterly) provides statistics relating to offenders in custody or under supervision in the community, by sex. First time offenders accounted for 24% of offenders who were cautioned or convicted In England and Wales in 2019, of which 78% were male and 22% females[footnote 88]. This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/women-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2019/women-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2019. Benefit fraud females made up 55% of the 98 summary convictions in 2019, down 3 pp from 2015. Among young females who were dealt with by a community penalty, 90% had a record of persistent absence, compared to 82% of young males; a 9 percentage point difference. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent[footnote 110] from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded[footnote 111] from school, or have received a fixed period exclusion[footnote 112], at any point during KS4. When a suspect is formally charged, they are brought before a magistrates court (as a defendant) as soon as possible. , Equivalently, a Key Stage 4 (KS4) academic year of 2013/14 and 2014/15. Similar proportions are seen in convictions. , Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. Similarly, we refer to females / males and women / men in this report, as a reflection of the binary classification in use. , The detailed results of the survey can be found in the offenders under supervision or in custody tables. In contrast to what is seen for police and magistrates courts remand, females consistently had a higher proportion than males to be bailed at the Crown Court. Compared to males, a significantly higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System and follows its sister publication Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System published last year. In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. Similar falls have been seen in the number of defendants prosecuted over the last 5 years when broken down by sex; the number of prosecutions for male defendants fell by 11% to 904,000 in 2019 and prosecutions for female defendants fell by 12% to 324,000 in 2019. Crime lower covers work carried out by legal aid providers regarding police station advice, magistrates court work and prison law. Of all ethnic groups, both White female and White male offenders had the highest conviction ratios[footnote 72] for indictable offences at 84% and 85%, respectively, a trend that has remained broadly stable since 2015. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. Other increases included a 3 percentage point increase in both magistrates and HMPPS (excluding probation) to 56% and 40%, respectively. In 2019, 74% of those convicted for TV licence evasion were female. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15 (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Youth custody data - February 2014 published. In 2019, the highest level of concordance (excluding suspended sentence orders) for both males and females was in custodial sentences, at 89% for males and 79% for females[footnote 55]. Females had a higher cautioning rate for indictable offences (20%) and a lower rate for summary offences (4%) compared to males (14% and 9% respectively) in 2019. Drunk and disorderly accounted for the highest proportion of PNDs issued for both males and females in 2019. Caution data cannot be split by simple and conditional, and data broken down by sex is not available for cannabis and khat warnings or community resolutions, therefore these will not be included in the totals. It has not been possible to accurately replicate the existing methodology and produce robust estimates in time for this release following changes to the way that data are recorded. , Persistent absence is when a pupil enrolments overall absence equates to 10 per cent or more of their possible sessions. A huge 40% of married American households feature a woman who is a primary breadwinner, but only 3% of American spousal support arrangements are paid to ex-husbands. , The data in this section relates to persons remanded in each completed court case rather than to the number of remand decisions (a person may be remanded several times during a case). ONS data from 2012 shows that of the UK's 400,000 single parent families, only 13.5% of these (54,000) are single dads. The national divorce rate is 7.6 per 1,000 couples in 2022. This difference is driven by female offenders receiving shorter average custodial lengths than males. The given number currently represents about . , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. For more information and statistics on criminal court timeliness please refer to the Criminal Court Statistics (quarterly): January to March 2020 bulletin. Some of the proportions presented in this analysis are based on small sample sizes so care should be taken when comparing results for different genders. Female representation within MoJ and CPS remained constant. , Where ethnicity was known. Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. Since 2015, the ACSL for indictable offences has risen for both male and female offenders from all ethnic groups[footnote 76]. The figure was higher for custodial fathers at 54.6%. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. , Out of court disposals available to the police and CPS in 2019 included: simple and conditional cautions; cannabis and khat warnings; penalty notices for disorder (PNDs); and community resolutions. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. Finally, children from broken common-law unions (84 percent), as well as children from Quebec (87 percent), were most likely to remain in the custody of their mothers, and there is possibly a link between these two results. The proportion of adults who experienced violent crime generally decreased with increasing age. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). Male children reported a significantly higher proportion of being a victim of a CSEW crime at 9.0%, compared to 4.0% of females[footnote 7][footnote 8]. The total number of defendants in 2019 including those who fail to appear, companies and where gender is unknown was 1.44 million. In 2019, there were 72,200 first receptions into prison, of which 90% were male and 10% were female. Similarly, males were twice as likely to be subjected to violence from a stranger (1.3%) than females (0.6%)[footnote 11][footnote 12]. The overall levels of attainment for the cohort are slightly higher for the young female group, with 46% achieving 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English and Maths, compared to 43% for young males. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 94] (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 95] (62% for young females and 53% for young males). As with personal crime, a greater proportion of males were victims, than females (3.6% and 1.4%, respectively). Possession of an article with blade or point (760 sentenced). The publication also contains more detailed information on the make-up of the custody population by legal basis for detention, accommodation type, age group, gender, ethnicity and region of origin. This compared to Black females accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions. (US Census Bureau, Statista) They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authoritys regulatory arm. In 2019, females accounted for the highest proportion of Local Authority prosecutions for the first time since 2016. Consistently, White females and males had the shortest ACSL while Asian females and males had the longest ACSL for indictable offences in 2019 at 20.8 months and 28.4 months, respectively. The strategy sets out the Government's commitment to a new programme of work for female offenders, which will take some years to deliver, driven by our vision to see: fewer women coming into the criminal justice system and reoffending fewer women in custody, especially on short-term sentences, and a greater Further information on other strands of defendants prosecuted for domestic abuse, rape and child abuse can be found in the CPS Quarterly Data Summaries Quarter 4 2019/20[footnote 6]. Statistics show that women are awarded child custody in nearly 90 percent of all cases. The female majority in Magistrates Court staff has continued to increase, also, recorded at 56% in 2020. There are few comparisons to the population as a whole, but we have considered this to be 51% female, as based on Mid-year Population Estimates from the Office for National Statistics. Figure 7.01 Proportion of prosecutions for indictable offences by sex and ethnic group, England and Wales, 2019. There were some differences between the gender groups at this attainment level across all disposals. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. Throughout this report we refer to sex rather than gender, because the binary classification better reflects how individuals are generally reported or managed through the CJS. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. The proportion of males issued a caution for indictable offences was 56%, compared to 52% for female offenders. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of prosecutions for summary non-motoring offences has been decreasing for both male and female defendants, offset by increases in both indictable and summary motoring offences. CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk. Time Method View help for Time Method , In some cases, such as in the prison population, the age band for children is defined differently. For example, an offender who had a conviction or caution outside England and Wales and was arrested by a police force in England and Wales would be counted as a first time offender. These reports may include a full risk assessment of the offender. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Fieldwork for the year to March 2020 was suspended two weeks early on Wednesday the 18th March 2020, just prior to the lockdown restrictions being announced by the Government on the 23rd March 2020. This chapter looks at the interaction between sex and other key characteristics throughout the Criminal Justice System including, ethnicity, age, offending history, and reoffending. Youth custody report for February 2017 published. , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. In 2019/20, violence against the person and theft offences accounted for the largest proportion of arrests for both males and females. This difference is likely to be linked to the greater seriousness of offences typically dealt with at the Crown Court. The difference was greatest amongst those receiving fines, where a greater proportion of young females attained this level (22%) than the young male group (15%). Figure 7.10: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with Special Educational Needs without a statement, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.3). The most common offence group[footnote 29] for those engaged with liaison and diversion services was violence against the person, for which a larger proportion of females were being dealt with compared to males (29% compared to 22%). The most common sentence for indictable benefit fraud offences was a community sentence, received by 51% of females and 53% of males sentenced in 2019. Of all females sentenced in 2019, Black female offenders had the highest custody rate[footnote 75] at 23%. Figure 4.04: Percentage of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by offence and sex, 2019. Females reported better conditions and facilities than males regarding: having their own cell, clean clothes, clean sheets, relationships with staff and contacting family and friends. In 2019, the median average days from the offence to the completion of the criminal case was 153 days for females and 162 for males. Further information on the methodology and cohort size can be found in the technical guide. Intimate reflects the nature of the relationship between victim and perpetrator or the nature or the abuse itself. , Individuals self-harming rates are derived by 1,000 x (number of individual in year)/(average monthly population for year). Following prosecution, defendants found guilty are subsequently convicted and sentenced. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. , Where sex is known. The statistics reported in this bulletin are primarily National Statistics[footnote 1], as drawn from either other published National Statistics bulletins or the data underpinning them. This was higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 and 2014/15 (14% for both young females and young males). In the 2019/20 HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, females reported significantly more negative results for questions related to problems on arrival at prison. Well send you a link to a feedback form. These figures are calculated differently from those used for the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin, which is used as the basis for the section on plea at the Crown Court and the remainder of the Crown Court committal section they are not directly comparable to these sections. The most recent data in this report are from the Child Support Supplement (CSS) to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). Within the Ministry of Justices statistical publications there can be three main reasons for statistics to be revised: Changes in how either source administrative systems collect information or a change in statistical methodology to improve accuracy and measurement. In 2019, 1.07 million offenders were sentenced, of which 27% were female, a proportion which has remained stable over the last 5 years. Court judges have seen similar increases to 26% female staff, largely driven by High Court Judge appointments. , Following the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms to probation and creation and subsequent transfer of the National Probation Service (NPS) into NOMS on 1 June 2014, it is not possible to make a direct comparison to previous years for probation staff. Full details on data limitations and conclusion can be found in the technical guide. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner. Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System. This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN without a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 108] (13% for young females and 18% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 109] (10% for both young females and 14% for young males). Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a larger proportion of young males (14%) had been permanently excluded compared to young females (10%). This proportions differ from the total prison population, which were 95% and 5% respectively. Of the 62,800 offenders released from prison sentences in 2019, 91% were male and 9% female. Five-year time series refers to 2014/15 to 2018/19. Youth custody data for December 2015 published. Females in contact with the services more often had suspected alcohol misuse, financial needs, were abuse victims and had mental health needs compared to males. The largest difference in proportions between genders for fixed period exclusion was seen for those who were dealt with by a suspended sentence. In the same year, 51.7% of adults perceived the Criminal Justice System as effective; this did not significantly differ between sexes. , Data for offending history includes both indictable and summary offences - unless otherwise stated. It is important to note in the following analysis that there are many young people in the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described and do not go on to offend[footnote 93]. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. It covers statistics on arrests and detentions under the Mental Health Act (1983), which are published by the Home Office in the Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 publication. In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). If there is conviction information available, the suspect with the longest sentence/most serious conviction is determined as the principal suspect. For females, this was followed by strangulation, asphyxiation (17%), and, for males, hitting, kicking, etc. (18%). , A first reception is a measure which counts a prisoners first movement into custody following a court hearing for a particular set of offences committed. This aligns with the differences in the types of offence males and females were typically prosecuted for, as discussed in Chapter 8: Offence Analysis. May in certain circumstances also be suitable when the Court is considering custody. Youth custody report for April 2016 published. This report is also accompanied by an infographic summarising key findings. A technical document titled A Guide to Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System is available alongside this report, which provides users with information on the concepts and terminology used within the report, as well as information about data sources, data quality and references. Fraud by failing to disclose information females made up 50% of 281 convictions in 2019, down 1 pp since 2015. You have accepted additional cookies. This was significantly higher than the 3.4% of female adult victims in the same year (no significant change from 3.7% the previous year). HMPPS (excluding NPS) have seen the largest increase in female representation of senior staff, increasing by 10 percentage points, to 45% in 2020. Figure 8.05: Custody rate by sex for indictable offences with the highest number of female offenders sentenced, England and Wales, 2019. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the criminal justice system (CJS) by sex. Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. Defendants with sex not stated accounted for 10% of all court proceedings in 2019, companies and public bodies accounted for 1%. In the most recent year, females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender (also known as the frequency rate) compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. , If enforcement officers suspect a household of watching or recording live TV without a valid licence and are not able to contact anyone at the property by letter or by telephone, they visit the household in person. The conviction ratio for female children in 2019 was 67%, 4 percentage points lower than in 2015 and 3 percentage points lower than the male child conviction ratio (70%) in 2019. 2% of crime lower legal aid clients had an unstated sex. See technical guide for more information. Figure 7.12: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with a record of fixed period exclusion, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.5). For both sexes, the child custody rate has remained broadly stable since 2015, at 8% for males and 2% for females. For example, data on arrests are presented in financial years, while data from courts is presented in calendar years. Figure 8.03: Indictable offences with the highest proportion of female convictions, England and Wales, 2019. like child support and child custody, contested. Females were typically dealt with for less severe offences at court. In 2019, fines were the most common sentence given to both male and female offenders sentenced at all courts, but females typically had less severe sentencing outcomes. In 2019, females made up 17% of offenders issued community orders and 14% of suspended sentence orders (with requirements). Female representation among court judges continued to steadily increase, similarly to the last five years (28% in 2016; 32% in 2020). A fast delivery PSR is only suitable where the case was of low seriousness or medium seriousness, and where the court indicates that a community sentence is being considered. The majority of female homicides took place in or around a house/dwelling (71%), whereas only 39% of male homicides took place here. Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. The main source of referral was police custody, accounting for 72% of males and 73% of females referred to liaison and diversion services. The age distribution of female and male defendants is broadly similar. Where figures have been published, links are provided as part of the text and tables. In 2019, 13% of females were cautioned or convicted as first time offenders for theft offences, compared with 7% of males. Male homicide victims had higher prevalence in all age groups, except those over 65, and 5-15, where females were more often the victim. This chapter explores the activity of the police, by the sex of the suspect or offender they deal with. , Statistics on case management come from Criminal Court Statistics. A higher proportion of female prisoners self-harmed in 2019. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. For example, young males receiving more than 12 months in custody were more likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (69% v 64%), whereas the reverse was true for young males receiving 12 months or less in custody. , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. , Fast Delivery PSR (oral) The Criminal Justice Act 2003 removed the requirement for all PSRs to be written. Youth custody data for December 2016 published. In the latest year, a higher proportion of females were issued PNDs for theft (retail under 100) compared to males, whereas males were more often issued PNDs for possession of cannabis compared to females (see Figure 4.04). The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). We use some essential cookies to make this website work. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the suspect with the closest relationship to the victim. We will provide further updates regarding the availability of a consistent back series in subsequent Criminal Court Statistics publications[footnote 44]. Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. In 2019, 86% of female offenders were sentenced to a fine with an average fine of 230, compared to 72% of male offenders with an average fine of 302. , The data used for this section are sourced from the magistrates court administrative database LIBRA-MIS. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). The proportion of female legal aid recipients in the Crown Court was lower with 10% of the crime higher legal aid workload in 2019[footnote 42]. version of this document in a more accessible format, please email, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Safety in the Children and Young People Secure Estate: Update to June 2022. Youth custody report for February 2015 published. All court reports included in published PSR statistics relate to offenders of known sex. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English & Maths. Males were serving longer custodial sentence length. Females accounted for 15% of arrests, unchanged since 2015/16. 20 divorce facts for 2020. Female homicide victims were most often between 25-34 years old (17%). There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. Estimates for the year 2019 to March 2020 were therefore unaffected by the lockdown restrictions. In 2019, prosecutions by age distribution of males and female defendants was broadly similar, with the majority of defendants concentrated between the ages of 18 and 59. In 2019/20, 3.9% of males were victim to personal crime, compared to 3.4% of females. To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched cohort, over half received FSM. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure childrens homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs). Compared to males, a higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. The representation of females among HMPPS staff (excluding NPS)[footnote 122] has increased over the last five years, from 39% to 42%. This is driven in part by a higher proportion of female offenders getting sentenced for offences that tend to receive shorter sentences. , See technical guide for information on the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983). In 2019/20, there was a significant difference between males (63.4%) and females (57.3%) who perceived the Criminal Justice System to be fair, as seen in previous years.
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